Support Red Virginia News

Fund Independent Journalism

Do Democrats Believe in a Constitutional Republic Really?

Published on


The commotion over the Virginia Supreme Court’s ruling against Democrats’ illegal gerrymandering demonstrates how far America has fallen from its constitutional foundations.

by Jacon Grandestaff

The childish reaction of the Democrats to the Virginia Supreme Court ruling that their unconstitutional Gerrymandering was invalid shows they either don’t understand or support our republican system of government.

Virginia Democrats attempted to flip Virginia’s congressional map, from a 6-5 Democratic edge to an outrageous 10-1 split in time for the 2026 midterm elections.

The State Supreme Court decided on May 8 that the General Assembly had violated constitutional procedures by submitting the proposal to the voters.

Virginia’s Constitution mandates that any proposed amendment must pass the General Assembly during two consecutive legislative sessions, with a general election in between. Voters can remove enough legislators to make it impossible for the proposal to be passed a second time.

Virginia Democrats trampled on this requirement. The Democrat controlled General Assembly approved the redistricting plan in October, just days before the fall election and after early voting began. Virginia House Minority leader Terry Kilgore correctly pointed out that this was a violation of the constitution. Then they passed it again in January, and then rushed to have a referendum on it in April.

A Tazwell County Judge , on April 22, agreed that Kilgore and the other Republican plaintiffs had not followed the proper procedures.

The Virginia Supreme Court upheld the ruling of the lower court. Justice Denham Arthur Kelsey wrote, in the majority opinion that “the purpose of Article XII Section 1 is to allow voters to participate in amending their constitution.” In this case, the commonwealth. . . “We denied over 1.3million Virginians the constitutional right to participate in the debate on whether or not their constitution should change.”

Dems exploded in fury, as they always do.

Mobocracy is more important than the rule of Law

Virginia Attorney General Jay Jones charged that the court had put “politics above the rule of law”, claiming “the decision silences the voices millions of Virginians” who voted in all corners of the Commonwealth.

Virginia’s rule of law stipulates, however, that a vote by the people alone is not sufficient to amend the Constitution.

House Minority Leader Hakeem Jeffries (D) declared that the ruling was “an unprecedented, undemocratic act that cannot be upheld.”

Whataboutism is the worst argument Democrats can make in relation to redistricting. They claim, for example, that it is unfair that Florida and Tennessee were redistricted, but unlike Virginia, the citizens of those states did not get to vote. Each state has its own laws that govern redistricting. They don’t even pretend to understand federalism, which is a sign that Democrats can’t govern a constitutional republic properly.

The argument would be different if only keyboard warriors on the left were making it. Many high-ranking Democrats have joined in the demagoguery.

Florida and Tennessee do not have to amend their Constitutions in order to redistrict, even if they had the same rules for redistricting as Virginia. Virginian voters passed a previous amendment establishing a bipartisan commission for redistricting. This amendment was passed with a larger margin of 52-48 than the amendment that passed this time.

The Democrats have stated that they don’t want 50 labs of democracy. They prefer a single, centralized majority, which can move in any direction, depending on the mood of the day.

The founders were afraid of

The Founders of our country made it more difficult to amend the U.S. Constitution rather than pass legislation in Congress. The proposed amendments are submitted by Congress, but they require the approval of three-fourths (instead of a simple majority) of all states. This ensures that any major change is made after much deliberation and widespread support.

They knew that the best way to destroy their country was to allow it to become a democracy.

Virginian James Madison warned, in The Federalist 10, of the “instability and injustice” brought into public councils by “violence among factions.” He added that pure democracies were “always spectacles of turbulence, contention, and turbulence.”

John Adams said it even more bluntly:

Virginia’s waiting period for constitutional amendments between legislative sessions is a deliberate cooling device, designed to force officials and the public into considering proposed changes before changing the document they govern.

This is even more important today than during the Founders’ era, when social media can cause millions to become enraged over a court ruling that they haven’t actually read – based on streamers’ opinions who don’t know anything about civics.

The General Assembly deliberately skipped the cooling-off period in the hope that the courts would give way to the thin margin of consent created by their donors, who poured over $100 million worth of untraceable black money into the campaign. Democrats were outraged when the court ruled in favor of the constitution and not the “will of people”, which was astroturfed.

Democrats radical next steps

Matthew Yglesias, a liberal blogger and commentator on X wrote to 660,000 of his followers: “Don’t understand the mechanism but these Virginia Judges need to be removed.”

He should be able to Google these mechanisms and inform his Virginian supporters on how to lobby their representatives.

Online influencers have always found it easier to rage-batter and hope for revolution than actual democratic activism.

posted that “Those who make violent revolution inevitable, make peace impossible.” Hasan Piker, a Communist streamer, actively campaigns for Democratic congressional candidates.

The New York Times reports on how some Democrats offered concrete solutions during a conference call between Jeffries and Virginia’s Democratic congressional delegation. But none of them will be implemented in time for midterm elections.

proposed invalidating the 2020 constitutional amendment which created the redistricting committee because notices were not properly posted at the courthouses.

The Attorney General Jones filed an appeal to the U.S. Supreme Court, but his carelessness probably didn’t help him.

The Democrats’ response to this decision should serve as a warning for all Americans who still believe in America’s constitutional republic. A party which willfully disregards constitutional norms in order to rule through plebiscite is not a party you can trust with the reins. The members of this party, and activists with immense influence, demand that it ignore the courts in order to pass whatever they want. This is a threat to the principles Americans fought for and died to defend 250 years ago. Virginia’s Constitution is written to protect it from the temporal passions of mobocracy. Virginia’s Supreme Court has a narrow majority that is keeping the line for now.

Jacob Grandstaff, an investigative researcher for Restoration News, specializes in election integrity and labour policy. This article was republished by Restoration News with their permission.

At this dangerous time for Virginia

We hope you appreciated this article. Before you close this tab, we want to ask if you could support Red Virginia News at this dangerous time for journalism in Virginia and across the nation.

Under one-party Democratic rule—with Governor Abigail Spanberger in the Executive Mansion, Lt. Governor Ghazala Hashmi, Attorney General Jay Jones, House Speaker Don Scott, and Democrat majorities in both chambers of the General Assembly—Virginia families are seeing the steady erosion of transparency, accountability, and fair reporting. Progressive pressure from the statehouse has fueled a chilling environment for independent conservative voices: selective enforcement, regulatory threats against dissenting outlets, and a mainstream media echo chamber that too often acts as a PR arm for the ruling Democrats.

Meanwhile, institutions that should serve the public have been weaponized or pressured to favor one side. Corporate media owners and billionaire-backed outlets frequently bend the knee to appease powerful Democratic interests, while independent conservative journalism faces marginalization, advertiser boycotts, and outright censorship attempts.

Democracy is best served by a robust, thriving free press that holds all leaders accountable—not one that shields Governor Spanberger, Speaker Scott, and their legislative allies from scrutiny. Owned by neither billionaires nor coastal corporations, Red Virginia News remains dedicated to covering this Democratic trifecta with uncompromising truth and a Virginia-first perspective—delivering hard-hitting, paywall-free reporting that the legacy media too often ignores or suppresses.

Despite the risks of maintaining our fierce independence in a state dominated by one-party Democratic control, what sustains us—and fills us with deep gratitude—is the unwavering support we’ve seen from patriotic Virginia readers. It is no exaggeration to say that we are here because of you: a majority of our funding comes directly from people like you responding to messages like this. Your support not only powers our work, but more importantly, it safeguards the financial independence that underpins our editorial courage to speak truth to power in Richmond.

We know our requests for support are not as welcome as our reporting, but without them, it’s simple: our reporting wouldn’t exist. Of course, we understand that some readers are not in a position to support us financially right now, and if that is you, we value your readership no less.

But if you are able, please support us today. All gifts are gratefully received, but a recurring contribution is most impactful, helping sustain our watchdog journalism throughout the year ahead (and among the great benefits, we’ll show you far fewer fundraising requests like this). It takes just moments to give. Thank you for protecting conservative journalism and the free press in Virginia.

0 0 votes
Article Rating
Subscribe
Notify of
guest

0 Comments
Most Voted
Newest Oldest

TOP STORIES

Healthcare Law Firm Donates $10,000 to Virginia Legislative Black Caucus

Hancock Daniel & Johnson PC, a Glen Allen-based law firm specializing in healthcare law...

RGGI will cost the typical Dominion customer $13 more per month due to Democrats

By Steve Haner, Dominion Energy Virginia proposes to defer billing its customers until March...

Uber Technologies Contributes $25,000 to Democrat United for Virginia’s Future PAC

Uber Technologies Inc. made a $25,000 donation to United for Virginia's Future PAC on...

Warrenton Group Contributes $20,000 to Leaders for an Equitable Tomorrow PAC

The Warrenton Group, a real estate development firm based in the Washington area, made...

Abigail Spanberger Pushes for New Agency to Regulate Virginia Cannabis Market

Lawmakers have considered legislation to resolve these issues. The proposed measures would establish a...

Jail Population Surge Exposes Policy Shortcomings on Homelessness

Rising Inmate Numbers Linked to Weather Patterns Data from the detention center shows consistent growth...

Illinois Attorney James Clayborne Donates to Virginia PAC Backing Democrats

James Clayborne, a Belleville, Illinois attorney and former Democratic state senator, contributed $2,500 to...

Loudoun County School Funding Exceeds 100 Percent Due to CEP Data Practices

Board members explored how data from four years prior influences current funding formulas. The...

Loudoun Parents Deserve Direct Answers on Student Safety

Bureaucratic Barriers to Parental Involvement Board members argued that empowering teachers to act without excessive...

Hunter Bourne Contributes $25,000 to Rural GroundGame for Virginia Efforts

Hunter Bourne, a real estate developer based in Nellysford, Virginia, and associated with Fore...

Loudoun’s Lauren Shernoff Pushes Cell Phone Storage to Restore Classroom Focus

Shernoff emphasized that previous policies had proven effective in maintaining order. She called for...

George Mallett From Boston Contributes $7,001 to Democrats Supporting Virginia Efforts

George Mallett made a donation of $7,001 on March 1, 2026, to Rural GroundGame...

Market Forces Drive Housing Costs in Virginia Testimony

The testimony focused on how these tools contribute to frequent changes in monthly payments...

Doctor Pleads with Prince William County School Board to End iPad Use in Elementary Classes

The physician opened her comments by asking board members to consider how children learn...

Illinois Governor’s Nonprofit Sends $50,000 to Virginia Reproductive Freedom Group for State Candidate

Think Big America made a donation of $50,000 on June 25, 2026, to Virginians...

Rivers Portsmouth Gaming Contributes to Virginia Political Efforts

Rivers Portsmouth Gaming LLC, the operator of Rivers Casino Portsmouth in Virginia, made a...

Loudoun County Families Face Health Risks from Overhead Power Lines as Board Seeks Last Chance for Safer Routes

The Loudoun County Board of Supervisors, including Chair Phyllis Randall, Vice Chair Michael Turner,...

Lewis Payne Contributes $5,000 to ActBlue Virginia

Lewis Payne of Charlottesville, Virginia, donated $5,000 to ActBlue Virginia on May 19, 2026....

Labor Union PAC Donates $25,000 to Virginia Delegate Candidate Sonia Vasquez Luna

The Mid-Atlantic Laborers' Political Education Fund contributed $25,000 on June 27, 2026, to the...

Texas Insurance Executive Buddy Steves Donates to Virginia Democratic Women’s Caucus

Houston-based insurance executive Buddy Steves, affiliated with RT Specialty, contributed $2,500 on June 11,...

Wealthy Investor Michael Bills Fuels PAC with Half-Million Dollar Contribution Ahead of Virginia Elections

Michael Bills, founder and chief investment officer of Bluestem Asset Management LLC in Charlottesville,...

Chicago Casino Executive Contributes $25,000 to Virginia Democrats PAC

Chicago-based casino magnate Neil Bluhm directed a $25,000 contribution on June 26, 2026, to...

Amazon Contributes $20,000 to Virginia Legislative Black Caucus

Amazon.com Services LLC contributed $20,000 on June 24, 2026, to the Virginia Legislative Black...

Senator McDougle Highlights Legislative Deception in Virginia Policy Debates

The discussion focused on hidden financial impacts that new policies may impose on everyday...

Mental Health Referrals Remain Steady in Prince William Jails as Commitments Decline

These figures indicate that the proportion of commitments involving mental health concerns has remained...

Loudoun County Parents Demand End to Bureaucratic Barriers in Special Education

The conversation centered on the need to empower educators to act swiftly when incidents...

The Valley Link Power Line Boondoggle: Big Energy’s Costly Assault on Virginia’s Heartland to Fuel Data Center Cronyism

In the rolling hills and historic farmlands of central Virginia, a massive government-enabled corporate...

Loudoun County Mother Exposes SOL Testing Failures and Fights for Dyslexic Daughter

The mother's experience underscores broader challenges within the local education system. She notes that...

Juli Briskman Stands Firm Against Data Center Rezonings in Loudoun County

Supervisor Juli Briskman has expressed strong opposition towards the Democrats rezoning of land for...

Fairfax Prosecutor Steve Descano Accused of Undermining Justice System

Multiple instances highlight how sentencing recommendations deviate from standard expectations for violent offenses. The...

Missouri-Based Gaming Firm Contributes $5,000 to Virginia Joe Morrissey Senate Campaign

Curo Group, LLC, a company based in Saint Louis, Missouri, with interests in the...

Virginia Democrats inject race into tourism

by Virginia Grace McKinnon The Virginia House of Delegates has just released the final of...

Dan Helmer Threatens to Remove Virginia Supreme Court Justice

In 2027, it may not be Justice Kelsey who needs to worry but rather...

Governor Spanberger has just increased the cost of living for every Virginian household.

by Jeff Reynolds Virginia has re-joined the Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative, and residential ratepayers are...

Fairfax Schools are at a Crossroads

by Stephanie Lundquist-Arora Fairfax County school board members will vote on the $4.1 billion fiscal...

Loudoun County School Board Debates Teacher Communication Restrictions Amid Red Tape Concerns

The meeting focused on the need to empower teachers to act quickly without excessive...

Newport News Attorney Leonard Bennett Makes Significant Contribution to Virginia Senate Campaign

Newport News attorney Leonard Bennett contributed $5,000 to the Morrissey for State Senate 16...

Joe Morrissey Campaign Committee Allocates Over Eleven Thousand Dollars to Billboards

The Morrissey for State Senate 16 Committee directed $11,889.00 to Lamar Companies on February...

Union PAC Contributes $7,500 to Morrissey Campaign in Virginia Senate Race

The Mid Atlantic Laborers Political Education Fund, a political action committee tied to the...

Dominion Energy Contributes $30,000 to Joe Morrissey for State Senate 16 Committee

Dominion Energy PAC made a donation of $30,000 on June 14, 2023, to the...

Steve Descano Policies Enable Repeat Offender to Commit Child Abduction in Fairfax

The case centered on Hiram Baca Daniel Rodriguez, identified as a repeat offender. Under...

Prince William County Teachers Face Broken System in New Scheduling Overhaul

The new schedules are set for release next year rather than allowing adequate preparation...

Autism and Vulnerability in Virginia Medicaid

By James C. Sherlock Virginia does not do enough to stop Medicaid fraud. The dysfunctional...

Louise Lucas Challenges Spanberger on Virginia Budget and Data Center Policies

The debate centers on forecasts that underpin the state budget process. Officials must account...

Virginia Republican Elections Started, Go Vote

As Virginians head into the summer months, Republican voters have a pivotal opportunity to...

Slow Start for Spanberger

by Rich Tucker Imagine that you are at a Donald Trump event. You see a...

Steve Descano Faces Scrutiny Over Reduced Charge in Child Abduction Case

The case against Jose Rodriguez centered on allegations that he abducted a four-year-old girl...

Loudoun County School Board Shifts to Propane Buses Amid Cost and Reliability Issues

Loudoun County Public Schools is shifting away from electric buses and toward propane-fueled vehicles....

Possible Investigations of Louise Lucas and Lisa Lucas-Burke. Lucas Lodge, The Marijuana Outlet

by James C. Sherlock Louise Lucas, the president pro tempore for the Virginia state senate...

Zach Cummings on Leesburg City Council Admitting He Does Not Read Police Documents

In Leesburg, local leaders gathered to examine ways to strengthen 911 services for the...

Fairfax County Housing Plan Near Gas Stations Raises Serious Health Concerns

A detailed map of the area illustrates several gas stations marked in red squares...

Steve Descano and Stacey Kincaid Fairfax Sanctuary Policies Lead to Tragic Consequences for Fairfax Virginia Residents

Jason Miyares described a clear pattern where criminal offenders are released back into communities...

Assembly and Spanberger made zero progress on Virginia energy challenges

By Steve Haner, The Jefferson Forum's June commentary outlines the energy challenges that Virginia...

Legislation to Create Waste to Energy Grant Program Introduced in Virginia House

During the 2026 Regular Session of the Virginia General Assembly, House Bill 115 was...

Parent Unleashes Fury at Franklin City School Board Over Pathetic Math Plan

The speaker, dressed in a blue shirt and speaking from a wooden podium in...

New Requirements for Handgun Storage in Unattended Vehicles

The Virginia General Assembly has enacted House Bill 110, which introduces specific requirements for...

Virginia Lawmakers Pass Bill Limiting Data Sources for Canceling Voter Registrations

The 2026 session of the Virginia General Assembly saw the approval of House Bill...

Virginia Democrats Push to Revoke Gun Rights for Hate Crime Convicts in Latest Second Amendment Assault

The legislation, described as the Governor's recommendation during recent Senate proceedings, would impose a...

Dominion Energy PAC Contributes $100,000 to Virginia Democratic Leadership Fund

Dominion Energy Inc. Political Action Committee - Virginia contributed $100,000 to Leaders for an...

Scott Surovell’s job performance: How bad is it?

by Joe Fitzgerald First, there was the plan to build a casino in Fairfax County...

Candidate Dave Beckwith Champions Homeschooling and Parental Rights in Bid for Congress

A Veteran’s Personal Commitment to Family First Republican congressional candidate Dave Beckwith, a 30-year Air...

Fairfax County School Board Votes to Scrap Veterans Day Holiday, Igniting Patriotism Backlash

Fairfax County, home to one of Virginia's largest public school systems serving over 180,000...

Significant Donation Fuels Democratic Campaign in Alfonso Lopez Virginia House Race

A donation of $4,500 was made on April 22, 2026, by Alfonso Lopez through...

Laborers Union Coalition Contributes Over $200,000 to Mid-Atlantic Political Education Fund

The Laborers Mid-Atlantic Regional Organizing Coalition contributed $204,917.14 to the Mid-Atlantic Laborers' Political Education...

Virginia Republican Elections Start June 19th 2026

As Virginians head into the summer months, Republican voters have a pivotal opportunity to...

Prince William County Sets Gold Standard in Transit Efficiency, Spares Taxpayers Millions Unlike Fairfax

The Potomac and Rappahannock Transportation Commission, which operates the OmniRide service serving Prince William...

Parke Capshaw Contributes $5,000 to Virginia Supporting Democratic Efforts

Parke Capshaw of Charlottesville made a $5,000 donation on May 14, 2026, to ActBlue...

UFCW Local 400 Sends $9,460 Donation to Virginia AFL-CIO

UFCW Local 400 made a donation of $9,460.40 on May 1, 2026, to the...

New Property Taxes Coming to Fredericksburg

Virginia House Bill 72, introduced in the 2026 Regular Session of the Virginia House...

Defense Contractor Felipe Rodriguez Supports Democrat Virginia PAC with $5,000 Contribution

Felipe Rodriguez of Vienna, Virginia, employed by Aeronautical Systems Inc in the defense industry,...

Laborers Union Trust Contributes $30,000 to Virginia PAC

On May 14, 2026, Laborers Dist. Council Trust 2 made a cash contribution of...

Charlottesville Realtor Ben Cullop Donates to Virginia Future Generations PAC

Charlottesville realtor Ben Cullop made a $2,500 donation on May 18, 2026, to the...

Virginia Legislation Proposes Greater Local Control for Satellite Voting Offices

The Virginia General Assembly is considering important legislation that would transfer significant authority regarding...

Richmond Philanthropist Mary Sisson-Vaughan Contributes Over $5,000 to Killing Babies PAC

Richmond resident Mary Sisson-Vaughan donated $5,162.70 on May 7, 2026, to Pro-Choice Virginia d/b/a...

Virginia Real Estate Developer Scott Plein Contributes to ActBlue Virginia

Scott Plein, a real estate developer based in Bristow, Virginia, and principal of Equinox...

Peake Challenges District Elimination and Budget Secrecy on Senate Floor

His remarks focused on the lack of transparency that has characterized those talks. Peake...

Nathanael Stulman Makes $2,500 Donation to ActBlue Virginia

Nathanael Stulman, a partner and head of financial services and fintech at Solomon Partners,...

Frank Conner Donates $10,000 to ActBlue Virginia for State Candidate

Alexandria resident and attorney Frank M. Conner III contributed $10,000 to ActBlue Virginia on...

Virginia Bill Introduced to Provide Flexibility for Local Election Dates

In the ongoing 2026 session of the Virginia General Assembly, a significant proposal has...

Real Estate Developer Tim Chapman Contributes $10,000 to ActBlue Virginia

Real estate developer Tim Chapman of Vienna, Virginia, made a $10,000 donation on April...

Susan Stengel Donates $25,000 to Rural GroundGame for Virginia Democrats

Susan Stengel contributed $25,000 on April 22, 2026, to Rural GroundGame, an organization focused...

Fairfax County School Board Grapples with Embezzlement Allegations in Leadership Appointment Debate

The Fairfax County School Board, consisting of Chair Sandy Anderson (Springfield District), Vice Chair...

Energy Executive Roger Sant Contributes $5,000 to Virginians for Fair Elections

Roger Sant, a longtime executive and co-founder of AES Corporation based in The Plains,...

Senator Bryce Reeves Questions Officials on Data Center Investments

The discussion focused on data center initiatives potentially located in the southside region of...

Real Estate Developer Saif Abdul-Rahman Contributes to Virginia Democratic Campaign

Saif Abdul-Rahman, a real estate developer and managing member of JR Real Estate Group...

New York Donor Lisa Primus Contributes $25,000 to Virginia PAC

Lisa Primus, a physician based in New York, made a $25,000 contribution on May...

Beth Covin From California Makes $2,500 Donation to Defend Virginia PAC

Beth Covin contributed $2,500 to Defend Virginia PAC on May 3, 2026. The donation...

Fairfax County School Board Caught in Secret Pay Scheme: Lavish Raises for Political Allies While Teachers Get Shafted

The board members involved include Chair Sandy Anderson, Karl Frisch of Providence District, Melanie...

Quinn Donation Bolsters Democratic Efforts in Rural Virginia

William Quinn contributed $3,000 to Rural GroundGame on May 19, 2026, directing support toward...

Children’s Equity Fund Contributes $200,000 to Strong Start PAC Supporting Virginia Democrats

A substantial political contribution has been made in Virginia's electoral landscape with the Children's...

Elizabeth Macrae Contributes $3,000 to ActBlue Virginia

Elizabeth Macrae made a donation of $3,000 on April 4, 2026, to ActBlue Virginia,...

Fairfax Student Champions Parental Responsibility in Push to Delay Smartphones Until 8th Grade

The young speaker pointed out that while children develop attachments to stuffed animals over...

Cameras Reveal Scale of 58,000 School Bus Stop Violations in Fairfax

The program has produced clear evidence of widespread disregard for traffic laws. More than...

Richmond Attorney Thomas McCandlish Donates $2,500 to Democratic-Aligned Committee in Virginia

Thomas McCandlish, a founding member and chairman emeritus of the McCandlish Holton law firm...

Trial Lawyer Joel Bieber Contributes $10,000 to ActBlue Virginia

Richmond-area trial lawyer Joel Bieber made a $10,000 donation on May 26, 2026, through...

Prince William County Supervisors Play Tax Shell Game: Rate Cut Masks Another Hit to Homeowners

In a classic display of government sleight-of-hand, the Prince William County Board of County...

Loudoun County Special Education Practices Draw Scrutiny Over Student and Staff Treatment

Teachers and support staff dedicated to special education programs also encounter ongoing difficulties in...

Virginia Legislature Advances Tough Measures on Juvenile Delinquency with HB 123

RICHMOND, VA – In a decisive move to enhance accountability for delinquent youth, the...

Democrats’ Brazen Power Grab in Virginia Exposed: Jeffries Vows to Override Voters and Courts to Install 10-1 Gerrymander

In a stunning display of partisan desperation, House Democratic Leader Hakeem Jeffries has openly...

Virginia GOP’s 2026 Congressional Slate: Solid Effort Everywhere Except the 4th District — What a Joke

Richmond, VA — The Republican Party of Virginia just released its candidate lineup for...
0
Would love your thoughts, please comment.x
()
x
×